Background & Objective: Destructive effects of ethanol consumption have been confirmed on several organs of the body. Nevertheless, classic research which has been done on kidney in this field had less attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate of ethanol effects on light microscopic structure of Mice kidneys.Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Balb/c strain mice, equally 40 males and females, weighing 30-35 grams were divided in two equal experimental and control groups randomly. The Mice in control and expermented groups further divided in two sub groups. One sub group received 1mg/gr body weight daily of ethanol for one month, intraperitoneally and other sub group received 1mg/gr body weight of ethanol for two months, intraperitoneally. Control groups divided in two sub groups and Mice received daily salin with same volume as experimental groups. Then, the Mice have been anesthetized and sacrificed and then, subsequently kidneys were removed. Routine histological methods and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining were done. Slides were observed by light microscope.Results: In experimental group, Mice which received ethanol for one month, interstitial bleeding and inflammatory cells infiltration in cortical zone of kidney was observed. In Mice which received ethanol for two months, we observed massive and concentrated lymphoblastic infiltration, especially on deep medulla around the blood vessels with extending to calyxes and pelvis of the kidney. No histological changes were observed in control groups.Conclusion: This study showed that the intraperitoneal injection of ethanol cause progressive destruction effects on cortex and medulla of the kidney. These effects depend on duration of ethanol consumption.

In this study, the combination of biodiesel-diesel, ethanol-diesel, and ethanol-biodiesel-diesel emulsion blends on performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine was investigated. High purity ethanol in three levels of 2, 4 and, 6 by volume percent and biodiesel prepared from waste cooking oil in four levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 by volume percent were mixed with pure diesel. Thus, 11 fuel samples were prepared which were shown with BxEy, that x and y represent the volume percent of biodiesel and ethanol in the prepared mixtures, respectively. The experiments were performed at full load with the change in engine speed from 800 to 1800 rpm, with the interval 200 rpm. The results showed that pure diesel has the lowest specific fuel consumption at all of the speeds compared to other prepared mixtures. Using of B15E6 blend, reduced the emission of carbon monoxide by 40% compared to pure diesel. This mixture also, reduced the emissions of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon by 27 and 55% compared to pure diesel, respectively.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Vasectomy is a current method for birth control. In common technique that used in vasectomy, cutting ends of vas deferens is surgically obliterated. Percutaneous obliterating of vas that due to azoospermia without any surgical incision is much more comfortable and has less side effects. In this study, ethanol as a sclerosing substance was used to induce obliteration.METHODS: This study was performed on 36 rats aged 4-5 months. Before cutting of vas deferens at the left side, its proximal part was obliterated under general anesthesia. At the right side, vas was clamped at two points with 10 mm from each other and after injecting ethanol (20 units) and whitening of the location, clamps were removed. FINDINGS: Ethanol as a sclerosing substance fixed the area and due to any sperm wasn't found at the distal part of vas in days of 2, 6 and 9. But, after 15th day some sperm were seen at the distal part of vas and at 30th day, the amount of sperm in distal vas was almost half of the epididium. CONCLUSION: Although, ethanol as a sclerosing substance firstly prevented moving of sperm to the distal part by fixing and obstruction of vas but moving of sperm returned to first condition because of repairing and recanalizing of vas. So, using of ethanol cant induce permanent vas obliteration and azoospermia.

INTRODUCTION: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in urology. An ideal treatment should be effective and have few complications (i.e. bleeding or sexual dysfunction). Transurethral ethanol injection is minimally invasive and does not carry any of the aforementioned risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intraprostatic ethanol injection in improving the urodynamic parameters of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).METHODS: Transurethral alcohol injection of prostate with local anesthesia was performed in 27 patients with BPH. Using an endoscopic injection set, 10 cc of absolute ethanol was injected in two sites in prostate (3 and 9 O'clock). We measured AUA(American Urological Association) symptom score, PFR (Peak Flow Rate), prostate volume, PVR (Post Voiding Residue) before and after injection (at 3-week and 3-month intervals) and analyzed results with repeated ANOVA in SPSS v.9.RESULTS: AUA symptom score decreased 3 weeks and 3 months after injection in patients who had no retention or had retention for less than a month. In patients with more than one month retention, AUA symptom score did not improve 3 weeks and 3 months after injection. PFR improved in all patients with or without retention 3 months after treatment.DISCUSSION: Transurethral Alcohol injection with local anesthesia in prostate is a minimally invasive and effective treatment modality in reducing symptoms and signs of patients with BPH, specifically those with risks obviating general anesthesia.

Background: Reoperation for recurrent papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is associated with a high risk of complications and limited success in achieving sustained remission. Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) presents a potential non-surgical alternative for managing locally recurrent PTC. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of PEI in treating recurrent PTC. Methods: From October 2017 to September 2021, PEI was administered to 39 recurrent lesions (23 lateral and 16 central) in 17 patients with PTC. The median follow-up duration was 21.4 months (range, 4.1 - 37.9), with ethanol injections delivered every 3 months under ultrasound (US) guidance as needed. Results: Most patients tolerated the treatment well, experiencing only mild local pain, though one patient reported Horner syndrome following the procedure. In terms of treatment frequency, 31 lesions required 3 or fewer injections, while the remaining lesions required more. The mean initial volume of the lesions decreased from 0.12 mm³ (range: 0.06 - 0.34 mm³) to 0.03 mm³ (range: 0.0 - 0.14 mm³), representing an average reduction of 72.6% (range: 20.0 - 100.0%). Of the 39 lymph nodes treated in 17 patients, 21 lymph nodes (54%) were completely resolved. Seven lymph nodes remain under ongoing ethanol treatment, while 11 lymph nodes in 4 patients were addressed with alternative treatments, including surgery. Conclusions: Percutaneous ethanol injection appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for managing locally recurrent thyroid carcinomas in select patients. However, further comparative, prospective, long-term studies are needed to evaluate PEI’s impact on patient survival and recurrence rates.

Background: Thyroid nodules are common clinical findings. Although there are various accepted treatments for benign thyroid nodules, such as surgery and thermal treatment, there are some alternative methods for the management of these patients at lower costs with minimal complications. Objectives: This study aimed to compare volume reduction in radiofrequency (RF) ablation and single-session ethanol ablation (EA) and to investigate the effects of levothyroxine therapy (LT4) on benign thyroid nodules. Patients and Methods: In this clinical trial, 91 patients with benign thyroid nodules, presenting to different medical centers in Tehran, Iran, from December 6, 2018, to December 6, 2019, were included. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly allocated into three groups: group 1, a single session of RF ablation (n = 31),group 2, a single session of ethanol injection (n = 30),and group 3, a six-month LT4 treatment (n = 30). Thyroid tests, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), T3 resin uptake (T3RU), and serum calcitonin level, were recorded at baseline and within one-, three-, and six-month intervals. The nodule volume was also assessed using sonography at baseline and in the follow-ups. Results: The mean volume reduction was 73. 6%, 80. 1%, and 8. 7% at six months after the intervention in the ethanol injection, RF ablation, and LT4 treatment groups, respectively (P < 0. 001). There was a significant relationship between the mean volume reduction and the follow-up period (one, three, and six months) (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: The RF ablation therapy was found to be the optimal modality for the management of benign thyroid nodules, as it was associated with the greatest mean volume reduction. Conversely, the lowest mean volume reduction was observed in the LT4 treatment group during six months of follow-up.

Background and Purpose: Fungal infections necessitate advanced delivery systems to improve antifungal therapy. Terbinafine, a potent allylamine antifungal, faces clinical limitations due to poor solubility, low bioavailability, and toxicity. Liposomal encapsulation addresses these challenges by enhancing solubility, enabling controlled release, and reducing toxicity. In this study, a scalable ethanol injection method was used to develop terbinafine-loaded liposomes with optimized physicochemical properties. This study aimed to focus on central nervous system-targeted delivery to combat resistant fungal infections while minimizing systemic toxicityMaterials and Methods: Twenty liposomal formulations were prepared using phospholipids (e.g., dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine [DPPC], hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine) and characterized for size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, and morphology via dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics, colloidal stability (3 months), and cytotoxicity (human foreskin fibroblast 2 cells, 48-hour exposure) were evaluated. The M38-A2 method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute was used to calculate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 azole-susceptible and -resistant Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.Results: Liposomes exhibited sizes of 72–174 nm, zeta potentials between +2 and −15 mV, and a low polydispersity index (<0.3). Moreover, F12 (DPPC-based) demonstrated superior cumulative release, compared to F20, and attributed to the fluid bilayer of DPPC. Both formulations retained stability during storage. Cytotoxicity assays revealed minimal toxicity for free terbinafine (14.73% at 25 mg/mL) and significantly reduced toxicity for liposomal forms (6.77% for F12, p<0.05). The DPPC-based formulation achieved an encapsulation efficiency of 73.48%, ensuring a high drug payload and biocompatibility. The DPPC-based formulation achieved an encapsulation efficiency of 73.48%, ensuring a high drug payload and biocompatibility. Liposomal terbinafine and voriconazole exhibited good in vitro activity against both triazole-susceptible and -resistant Aspergillus isolates (MIC50=0.5 µg/mL).Conclusion: Based on the results, F12, with its sub-100 nm size, sustained release, and reduced cytotoxicity, emerged as a promising candidate for brain-targeted antifungal therapy. Its stability and high encapsulation efficiency support further evaluation in fungal isolates and in vivo models to optimize central nervous system biodistribution and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, this study underscored the promising in vitro activities of terbinafine and liposomal terbinafine against both triazole-resistant/susceptible A. fumigatus and A. flavus.

Background: Parathyroidectomy, the standard treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) due to parathyroid adenoma, is not suitable for all patients. We evaluated the efficacy of ultrasound‑ guided ethanol ablation of parathyroid adenoma in a group of patients with PHP. Materials and Methods: In a prospective self‑ controlled trial, 39 patients with parathyroid adenoma, who were not candidates for surgery, were enrolled. Ethanol injections were performed by two experienced interventional radiologists under the guidance of real‑ time ultrasonography. Adenoma size changes were assessed at about 1 month later. Serum levels of parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, 25‑ OH Vitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated at the baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after the injections. The treatment effects on outcome variables were assessed by repeated measures analysis. Results: Volume of the adenomas decreased during the study period from 1. 87± 6. 45 cm3 to 0. 38± 0. 48cm3 (P < 0. 001). Corrected serum calcium levels decreased from 10. 40 ± 0. 96 mg/dl to 8. 82 ± 0. 58 mg/dl (P < 0. 001), and remained stable during one year follow‑ up. Serum levels of parathyroid hormone decreased gradually from 129. 85 ± 63. 37 to 72. 58 ± 53. 86 pg/mL after 3 months and to 44. 78 ± 28. 04 pg/mL after 1 year (P < 0. 001). Overall, 46% of the patients improved after 1 month of ethanol ablation therapy which increased to 84. 5% during 1‑ year follow‑ up. No major complications were observed. Conclusion: The current study showed the efficacy of ultrasound‑ guided ethanol injection in PHP and may be considered as a suitable alternative treatment in patients who are not candidates for the surgery. It has also a good safety profile without major complications if performed by experienced hands.